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Pamusoro payo, kupomba kwelaser ndiyo nzira yekusimbisa svikiro kuti iwane nyika iyo inogona kuburitsa laser mwenje. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa nekubaya mwenje kana magetsi epakati mukati, zvichinakidza maatomu ayo uye zvichitungamira mukuburitswa kwechiedza chakabatana. Iyi yekutanga maitiro yakashanduka zvakanyanya kubva pakuuya kwekutanga lasers pakati pezana ramakore rechi20.
Kunyange ichiwanzo kuenzanisirwa nechiyero equations, laser kupomba ndeye quantum mechanical process. Zvinosanganisira kupindirana kwakaomarara pakati pemafotoni uye atomu kana mamolecular chimiro chekuwana medium. Mamodheru epamberi anoona zviitiko zvakaita seRabi oscillations, izvo zvinopa kunzwisisa kwakawanda kwekupindirana uku.
Kupomba kweLaser inzira iyo simba, kazhinji muchimiro chechiedza kana chemagetsi ikozvino, rinopihwa kune laser's kuwana yepakati kukwidziridza maatomu ayo kana mamorekuru kune yakakwirira simba nyika. Uku kufambiswa kwesimba kwakakosha pakubudirira kwehuwandu hwevanhu, nyika iyo zvidimbu zvakawanda zvinonakidzwa pane munzvimbo yakaderera yesimba, zvichiita kuti yepakati ikudze mwenje kuburikidza neyakakurudzirwa kuburitsa. Maitiro acho anosanganisira kupindirana kwehuwandu, kazhinji kuenzanisirwa kuburikidza nechiyero equations kana mamwe epamusoro quantum mechanical framework. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvinosanganisira kusarudzwa kwepombi sosi (senge laser diode kana marambi ekuburitsa), pombi geometry (padivi kana kupera kupomba), uye optimization yemhando yechiedza chepombi (spectrum, intensity, beam quality, polarization) kuti ienderane nezvinodiwa zvepombi. get medium. Kupomba kweLaser kwakakosha mumhando dzakasiyana dzelaser, kusanganisira solid-state, semiconductor, uye gasi lasers, uye yakakosha kune iyo laser inoshanda uye inoshanda kushanda.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzeOptically Pumped Lasers
1. Solid-State Lasers ane Doped Insulators
· Overview:Aya ma lasers anoshandisa yemagetsi insulating host medium uye anovimba nekupomba kwemaziso kuti ape simba laser-inoshanda ions. Muenzaniso wakajairika ndeye neodymium muYAG lasers.
·Tsvagiridzo Yazvino:Chidzidzo chakaitwa naA. Antipov et al. inokurukura yakasimba-nyika iri pedyo-IR laser ye spin-exchange optical pumping. Tsvagiridzo iyi inoburitsa kufambira mberi mune yakasimba-state laser tekinoroji, kunyanya mune iri padyo-infrared spectrum, iyo yakakosha kune zvikumbiro zvakaita sekufungidzira kwekurapa uye kufonera.
Kuwedzera Kuverenga:A Solid-State Pedyo-IR Laser yeSpin-Exchange Optical Pumping
2. Semiconductor Lasers
·Ruzivo Rwose: Kazhinji inopombwa nemagetsi, semiconductor lasers inogonawo kubatsirwa nekupomba kwemaziso, kunyanya mumashandisirwo anoda kupenya kwakanyanya, seVertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VECSELs).
·Zvichangobva Kuvandudzwa: Basa raU. Keller pa optical frequency combs kubva kune ultrafast solid-state uye semiconductor lasers rinopa ruzivo mukugadzirwa kweyakagadzika frequency mizinga kubva diode-pumped solid-state uye semiconductor lasers. Kufambira mberi uku kwakakosha kune zvikumbiro mune optical frequency metrology.
Kuwedzera Kuverenga:Optical frequency combs kubva kune ultrafast solid-state uye semiconductor lasers
3. Gasi Laser
·Optical Pumping muGasi Laser: Mamwe marudzi egasi lasers, senge alkali vapor lasers, anoshandisa optical kupomba. Aya ma lasers anowanzo shandiswa mumashandisirwo anoda coherent light sources ane chaiwo zvivakwa.
Zvinyorwa zveOptical Pumping
Discharge Mwenje: Inowanikwa mumarambi-anopombwa lasers, marambi ekuburitsa anoshandiswa kune yavo yakakwirira simba uye yakafara spectrum. YA Mandryko et al. yakagadzira modhi yemagetsi ye impulse arc discharge generation mune inoshanda midhiya inopomba xenon marambi eiyo solid-state lasers. Iyi modhi inobatsira kukwirisa mashandiro emarambi ekupomba, akakosha pakushanda kwakanaka kwelaser.
Laser Diodes:Inoshandiswa mu diode-pumped lasers, laser diode inopa zvakanakira senge kunyatsoshanda, compact saizi, uye kugona kurongeka zvakanaka.
Kuwedzera kuverenga:chii chinonzi laser diode?
Mwenje Mwenje: Mwenje wemwenje wakakura, wakafara-wekupenya magetsi masosi anowanzo shandiswa kupomba solid-state lasers, senge ruby kana Nd:YAG lasers. Ivo vanopa yakakwira-yakasimba kuputika kwechiedza kunofadza iyo laser medium.
Arc Mwenje: Zvakafanana nemarambi emwenje asi akagadzirirwa kuenderera mberi kushanda, mwenje wearc inopa yakadzikama sosi yechiedza chakanyanya. Iwo anoshandiswa mumashandisirwo uko kuenderera mberi wave (CW) laser kushanda kunodiwa.
LEDs (Chiedza Emitting Diodes): Kunyange zvisingaite senge laser diode, maLED anogona kushandiswa kupuruzira optical mune mamwe mashoma-simba maapplication. Iwo anobatsira nekuda kwehupenyu hwakareba, mutengo wakaderera, uye kuwanikwa mune akasiyana wavelengths.
Chiedza chezuva: Mune mamwe maseti ekuyedza, mwenje wezuva wakanyanya kushandiswa sepombi sosi ye solar-pumped lasers. Iyi nzira inoshandisa simba rezuva, zvichiita kuti rivezve zvakare uye risingadhuri, kunyangwe risingadzoreki uye risinganyanyi kusimba kana richienzaniswa nemagetsi ekugadzira.
Fiber-Coupled Laser Diodes: Aya malaser diode akabatanidzwa kune optical fibers, ayo anoendesa mwenje wepombi zvakanyanya kune laser medium. Iyi nzira inonyanya kubatsira mune fiber lasers uye mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kuburitsa chaiko kwechiedza chepombi kwakakosha.
Mamwe maLaser: Dzimwe nguva, imwe laser inoshandiswa kupomba imwe. Semuenzaniso, frequency-yakapetwa kaviri Nd: YAG laser inogona kushandiswa kupomba dhayi laser. Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa kana mawavelength chaiwo anodiwa pakupomba kusingawanikwe nyore nemwenje wakajairika.
Diode-pumped solid-state laser
Yekutanga Energy Source: Maitiro anotanga ne diode laser, iyo inoshanda sepombi sosi. Diode lasers inosarudzwa nekuda kwekushanda kwayo, compact size, uye kugona kuburitsa mwenje pane chaiyo wavelengths.
Pombi Mwenje:Iyo diode laser inoburitsa mwenje inotorwa neiyo solid-state kuwana yepakati. Iyo wavelength ye diode laser yakagadzirirwa kuti ienderane nehunhu hwekunyudza hwepakati pekuwana.
Solid-StateGain Medium
Material:Iyo yepakati yepakati muDPSS lasers inowanzoita yakasimba-nyika zvinhu seNd:YAG (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet), Nd:YVO4 (Neodymium-doped Yttrium Orthovanadate), kana Yb:YAG (Ytterbium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet).
Doping:Zvishandiso izvi zvakashongedzwa neasingawanzo-epasi ion (seNd kana Yb), ari iwo anoshanda laser ion.
Kutora Simba uye Kukurudzira:Kana iyo mwenje wepombi kubva kune diode laser ichipinda mune yekuwana yepakati, iyo isingawanzo-yepasi ion inotora simba iri uye kunakidzwa kune yakakwirira masimba masimba.
Population Inversion
Kuwana Population Inversion:Kiyi yekuita kwelaser kuita kuwanda kwehuwandu mukuwana svikiro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maion akawanda ari mukunakidzwa pane ari pasi.
Stimulated Emission:Pane imwe nguva inversion yehuwandu hunowanikwa, kuiswa kwephoton kunoenderana nekusiyana kwesimba pakati penyika inofadza uye yepasi inogona kukurudzira ions inofadza kuti idzokere kumamiriro epasi, ichibudisa photon mukuita.
Optical Resonator
Mirrors: Iyo yepakati yekuwana inoiswa mukati meoptical resonator, inowanzo umbwa nemagirazi maviri pamagumo epakati.
Feedback uye Amplification: Imwe yemagirazi inoratidzira zvakanyanya, uye imwe yacho inoratidzira zvishoma. Mapikicha anobvongodzwa nekudzoka pakati pemagirazi aya, achikurudzira kubuda kwakawanda uye kuwedzera mwenje.
Laser Emission
Chiedza Chakabatana: Mafotoni anoburitswa anowirirana, zvichireva kuti ari muchikamu uye ane hurefu hwakafanana.
Kubuda: Iyo girazi rinoratidzira zvishoma rinobvumira chimwe chechiedza ichi kuti chipfuure, chichigadzira danda relaser rinobuda muDPSS laser.
Kupomba Geometries: Side vs. End Pomba
| Pombi Nzira | Tsanangudzo | Applications | Zvakanakira | Matambudziko |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Side Pumping | Chiedza chepombi chakaunzwa perpendicular kune laser medium | Rod kana fiber lasers | Kugovera kwakafanana kwepombi chiedza, yakakodzera kushandiswa kwepamusoro-simba | Non-uniform kuwana kugovera, yakaderera beam kunaka |
| End Pomba | Pombi mwenje inotungamirwa pamwe chete neaxis yakafanana neye laser beam | Solid-state lasers seNd:YAG | Uniform kuwana kugovera, yakakwirira bhiza mhando | Yakaomarara kurongeka, kushomeka kusingashande kupisa kupisa mune yakakwirira-simba lasers |
Zvinodikanwa zveInoshanda Pombi Chiedza
| Zvinodiwa | Kukosha | Impact/Balance | Zvimwe Zvinyorwa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spectrum Kukodzera | Wavelength inofanirwa kuenderana neabsorption spectrum ye laser medium | Inovimbisa kunyura kwakanaka uye kunobudirira kwehuwandu hwevanhu | - |
| Kusimba | Inofanira kunge yakakwira zvakakwana kune yaunoda excitation level | Kunyanya kusimba zvakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kwekupisa; kuderera zvakanyanya hakugone kushanduka kwevanhu | - |
| Beam Quality | Kunyanya kutsoropodza mukupedzisira-pumped lasers | Inovimbisa kubatanidza kwakanyatso uye inobatsira kune emitted laser beam mhando | Yakakwira bhiza mhando yakakosha pakunyatso kupindirana kwechiedza chepombi uye laser mode vhoriyamu |
| Polarization | Inodiwa kune midhiya ine anisotropic zvivakwa | Inosimudzira kunyura uye inogona kukanganisa emitted laser light polarization | Yakananga polarization mamiriro angave akadikanwa |
| Intensity Noise | Kuderera kweruzha kwakakosha | Kuchinja kwepombi mwenje kusimba kunogona kukanganisa laser kubuda kunaka uye kugadzikana | Yakakosha kune maapplication anoda kugadzikana kwepamusoro uye nemazvo |
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-01-2023