Muchiziviso chakakosha manheru aGumiguru 3, 2023, Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi wegore ra2023 wakavhurwa, tichiziva mipiro yakatanhamara yemasayendisiti matatu akaita basa rakakosha semapiyona munharaunda yeatosecond laser tekinoroji.

Izwi rekuti "attosecond laser" rinotora zita raro kubva kune inoshamisa ipfupi timecale iyo inoshanda pairi, kunyanya mukurongeka kwemaattoseconds, inoenderana ne10 ^ -18 masekondi. Kuti tinzwisise kukosha kwakadzama kwehunyanzvi uhu, kunzwisisa kwakakosha kwezvinorehwa neattosecond kwakakosha. Attosecond inomira sechikamu cheminiti yakawandisa yenguva, ichiumba chikamu chimwe chebhirioni chebhirioni chesekondi mukati menzvimbo yakafara yesekondi imwe. Kuti izvi zvinyatsojeka, kana tikafananidza imwe sekondi negomo refu refu, mhembwe yaizofanana netsanga imwe yejecha iri mujinga megomo. Mukati menguva ino yechinguvana, kunyange chiedza hachigoni kufamba chinhambwe chakaenzana nekukura kweatomu rega rega. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweatosecond lasers, masayendisiti anowana kugona kusati kwamboitika kuongorora uye kushandisa masimba akaomarara emaerekitironi mukati meatomu zvimiro, senge furemu-ne-frame inononoka-kufamba kudzokororwa mukutevedzana kwemubhaisikopo, nekudaro vachiongorora mukutamba kwavo.

Attosecond lasersinomiririra magumo ekutsvagisa kwakadzama uye kuedza kwakabatana nemasainzi, avo vakashandisa misimboti yeasina mutsara optics kugadzira ultrafast lasers. Kuuya kwavo kwakatipa nzvimbo itsva yekutarisa nekuongorora maitiro ane simba ari kuitika mukati meatomu, mamorekuru, uye kunyange maerekitironi muzvinhu zvakasimba.

Kujekesa hunhu hweattosecond lasers uye kuonga hunhu hwavo husina kujairika mukuenzanisa neakajairika lasers, zvakakosha kuti uongorore kupatsanurwa kwavo mukati me "laser mhuri" yakakura. Kusarudzika newavelength inoisa attosecond lasers kunyanya mukati meiyo ultraviolet kune yakapfava X-ray frequencies, zvichiratidza iwo mapfupi marefu marefu mukusiyana neakajairika lasers. Panyaya yemamodhi ekubuda, attosecond lasers inowira pasi pechikamu che pulsed lasers, inoratidzwa nekupfupika kwayo kupfupika kwepulse durations. Kudhirowa fananidzo yekujeka, munhu anogona kufunga anoenderera-wave lasers senge tochi inoburitsa mwenje unoenderera wechiedza, nepo pulsed lasers yakafanana nechiedza chestrobe, nekukurumidza kuchinjana pakati penguva yekuvhenekera nerima. Muchidimbu, ma attosecond lasers anoratidza hunhu hwekupenya mukati mechiedza nerima, asi shanduko yavo pakati penyika mbiri idzi inoitika panguva inokatyamadza, ichisvika munzvimbo yeattoseconds.

Kumwezve kupatsanurwa nemagetsi kunoisa lasers mune yakaderera-simba, yepakati-simba, uye yakakwirira-simba mabhureki. Attosecond lasers anowana yakakwirira yepamusoro simba nekuda kwekupfupika kwazvo kupuruzira nguva, zvichikonzera kutaurwa kwesimba repamusoro (P) - rinotsanangurwa sekusimba kwesimba panguva yeyuniti (P ​​= W/t). Kunyangwe hazvo attosecond laser pulses inogona kunge isina simba rakakura kwazvo (W), yakapfupikiswa yavo yenguva pfupi (t) inovapa nepamusoro pesimba repamusoro.

Panyaya yemadomasi ekushandisa, ma lasers anotambanuka anosanganisira maindasitiri, ekurapa, uye esainzi mashandisirwo. Attosecond lasers anonyanya kuwana niche yavo mukati menzvimbo yekutsvagisa kwesainzi, kunyanya mukuongorora kwekukurumidza kushanduka kwezvinhu mukati menzvimbo dzefizikisi uye chemistry, ichipa hwindo mukati meiyo microcosmic yepasirese inokurumidza kushandura maitiro.

Kugadzika nelaser medium delineates lasers segasi lasers, solid-state lasers, liquid lasers, uye semiconductor lasers. Chizvarwa cheatosecond lasers chinowanzoenderana negasi laser midhiya, ichiita mari pane isina mutsara optical mhedzisiro kuti iite yakakwira-odha harmonics.

Mukupfupisa, attosecond lasers inoumba yakasarudzika kirasi yepfupi-pulse lasers, inosiyaniswa neyakapfupika yenguva pfupi yekupuruzira, inowanzoyerwa mumaattoseconds. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vava maturusi akakosha ekutarisa nekudzora maitiro ekupedzisira ekuchinja kwemaerekitironi mukati meatomu, mamorekuru, uye zvinhu zvakasimba.

Iyo Yakakwenenzverwa Maitiro eAttosecond Laser Generation

Attosecond laser tekinoroji inomira kumberi kwehunyanzvi hwesainzi, ichizvikudza neyakaomesesa seti yemamiriro echizvarwa chayo. Kujekesa kuomarara kweatosecond laser chizvarwa, tinotanga nekutsanangudza kupfupi kwemisimboti yayo, ichiteverwa nemadimikira akajeka anobva muzviitiko zvemazuva ese. Vaverengi vasina ruzivo rwekuomesesa kwefizikisi yakakodzera havafanirwe kupererwa, sezvo madimikira anotevera achivavarira kuita kuti iyo yekutanga fizikisi yeattosecond lasers iwanikwe.

Iyo chizvarwa maitiro e attosecond lasers inonyanya kutsamira pane iyo nzira inozivikanwa seHigh Harmonic Generation (HHG). Chekutanga, danda repamusoro-kusimba femtosecond (10 ^ -15 masekondi) laser pulses yakanyatso kutariswa pane gasious chinangwa zvinhu. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti femtosecond lasers, yakafanana neattosecond lasers, inogovana hunhu hwekuve nepfupi pulse durations uye yakakwirira yepamusoro simba. Pasi pesimba renzvimbo yakasimba yelaser, maerekitironi ari mukati memaatomu egasi anosunungurwa kwekanguva kubva kumaatomu nuclei yawo, achipinda munzvimbo yemaerekitironi emahara. Sezvo maerekitironi aya achizununguka achipindura kumunda welaser, anozopedzisira adzokera nekubatanidzwa zvakare nemubereki wavo atomic nuclei, achigadzira nyika itsva dzine simba guru.

Mukati mekuita uku, maerekitironi anofamba achimhanya zvakanyanya, uye pakubatanidzwazve neatomu nuclei, anoburitsa rimwe simba nenzira yekubuda kwehunoni yakakura, ichiratidza seyepamusoro-simba mafotoni.

Mafambiro eaya achangobva kugadzirwa akakwira-simba mafotoni akawanda akawanda eiyo yekutanga laser frequency, ichigadzira iyo inonzi yakakwira-order harmonics, apo "harmonics" inoreva ma frequency ari akabatanidzwa akawanda eiyo frequency frequency. Kuti uwane attosecond lasers, zvinove zvakafanira kusefa uye kutarisa aya epamusoro-kurongeka maharmonics, kusarudza chaiwo maharmonics uye nekuaisa munzvimbo yakatarisana. Kana zvichidikanwa, nzira dzekudzvanya dzepulse dzinogona kupfupikisa nguva yekupuruzira, ichiburitsa ma-ultra-short pulses mune attosecond renji. Sezviri pachena, kugadzirwa kweatosecond lasers kunoumba hurongwa hwakaoma uye hwakasiyana-siyana, hunoda huwandu hwepamusoro hwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye michina yakasarudzika.

Kuti tidzikise maitiro aya akaomarara, tinopa dimikira parallel yakavakirwa mumamiriro emazuva ese:

High-Intensity Femtosecond Laser Pulses:

Fungidzira kuve nekatsi ine simba rinoshamisa inokwanisa kukanda matombo ipapo nekumhanya kwakakura, zvakafanana nebasa rinoitwa nepamusoro-simba femtosecond laser pulses.

Gaseous Target Material:

Fungidzira mvura yakadzikama inofananidzira zvinhu zvinonangwa negasi, apo donhwe rega rega remvura rinomiririra makumi ezviuru emaatomu egasi. Chiito chekukwevera matombo mumuviri uyu wemvura zvinofananidzira maratidziro epamusoro-simba femtosecond laser pulses pane gasious target material.

Electron Motion uye Recombination (Kuchinja Kwenyama):

Kana femtosecond laser pulses inokanganisa maatomu egasi mukati meiyo gasi rinotarirwa zvinhu, nhamba yakakosha yemaerekitironi ekunze kwechinguva inofara kune imwe nzvimbo iyo inobvisa kubva kune yavo atomic nuclei, ichigadzira plasma-yakaita nyika. Simba regadziriro parinozodzikira (sezvo mapombi elaser ari kuputika, aine nguva dzekumira), maerekitironi aya ekunze anodzokera kunzvimbo yawo yeatomic nuclei, achiburitsa mafotoni ane simba guru.

High Harmonic Generation:

Fungidzira pese painodonhedza mvura pamusoro pegungwa, inogadzira mafungu, akafanana neakakwira maharmonics muattosecond lasers. Aya ma ripples ane akakwira ma frequency uye amplitudes kupfuura ekutanga ripples akakonzerwa neyekutanga femtosecond laser pulse. Munguva yeHHG maitiro, danda rine simba relaser, rakafanana nekuramba richikanda matombo, rinovhenekera chinangwa chegasi, chakafanana nepamusoro pegungwa. Iyi intense Laser field propels maerekitironi mugasi, anofanana nema ripples, kure nemaatomu evabereki vavo vozoadhonzera kumashure. Pese painodzokera erekitironi kuatomu, inoburitsa danda relaser itsva rine frequency yakakwira, zvakangofanana nemapeteni akaoma kunzwisisa.

Kusefa uye Kutarisa:

Kubatanidza ese aya achangobva kugadzirwa laser matanda kunopa huwandu hwemavara akasiyana (frequencies kana wavelengths), mamwe acho anoumba attosecond laser. Kuti uzvitsaurire saizi chaiyo yeripple uye ma frequency, unogona kushandisa yakasarudzika sefa, zvakangofanana nekusarudza ma ripples aunoda, uye kushandisa girazi rinokudza kuti ritarise pane imwe nzvimbo.

Pulse Compression (kana zvichidikanwa):

Kana iwe uchivavarira kuparadzira ripples nekukurumidza uye kupfupika, unogona kukurumidzira kupararira kwavo uchishandisa yakasarudzika mudziyo, kuderedza nguva imwe neimwe ripple inotora. Chizvarwa cheatosecond lasers chinosanganisira kupindirana kwakaoma kwemaitiro. Zvisinei, kana yakaputsika uye ichionekwa, inova inonzwisisika.