Muchiziviso chakakosha manheru emusi wa3 Gumiguru 2023, Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi wegore ra2023 wakaburitswa pachena, zvichiratidza mipiro mikuru yevasayendisiti vatatu vakaita mabasa akakosha semapiyona munyaya yetekinoroji yelaser yeattosecond.

Izwi rekuti "attosecond laser" rinobva padanho pfupi zvikuru raanoshanda naro, kunyanya mukurongeka kweattoseconds, zvinoenderana ne10^-18 seconds. Kuti tinzwisise kukosha kukuru kwetekinoroji iyi, kunzwisisa kwakakosha kwezvinoreva attosecond kwakakosha. Attosecond inomira sechikamu chenguva chidiki, ichiumba chikamu chimwe chebhiriyoni chechikamu chimwe chebhiriyoni chesekondi mukati mechikamu chakakura chesekondi imwe chete. Kuti tinzwisise izvi, dai taizofananidza chikamu chimwe chete negomo refu, attosecond yaizofanana netsanga imwe chete yejecha iri pasi pegomo. Munguva iyi yenguva pfupi, kunyange chiedza hachigoni kufamba daro rakaenzana nehukuru hweatomu imwe neimwe. Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweattosecond lasers, masayendisiti anowana kugona kusati kwamboitika kwekuongorora nekugadzirisa mashandiro akaomarara emaerekitironi mukati mezvimiro zveatomu, zvakafanana nekudzokorora kweframe-by-frame slow-motion mu cinematic sequence, nokudaro vachiongorora mashandiro avo.

Malaser eAttosecondZvinomiririra mugumo wekutsvagurudza kwakakura uye kushanda nesimba kwakaitwa nemasayendisiti, avo vakashandisa misimboti ye nonlinear optics kugadzira ultrafast lasers. Kuuya kwavo kwakatipa mukana wekuona nekuongorora mashandiro anochinja-chinja ari kuitika mumaatomu, mamorekuru, uye kunyange maerekitironi muzvinhu zvakasimba.

Kuti tinzwisise hunhu hwema laser e attosecond uye kuti tinzwisise hunhu hwawo husina kujairika kana tichienzanisa nema laser echinyakare, zvakakosha kuti tiongorore kupatsanurwa kwawo mukati me "mhuri ye laser" yakakura. Kupatsanurwa ne wavelength kunoisa ma laser e attosecond zvakanyanya mukati me ultraviolet kusvika ku soft X-ray frequency, zvichiratidza ma wavelength avo mapfupi zvikuru kusiyana nema laser echinyakare. Panyaya ye output modes, ma laser e attosecond anowira muchikamu chema laser e pulsed, anozivikanwa nekureba kwenguva pfupi kwazvo kwe pulse. Kuti tiwane fananidzo yekujekesa, munhu anogona kufungidzira ma laser e continuous-wave akafanana ne torchlight inoburitsa chiedza chinoenderera mberi, nepo ma laser e pulsed akafanana ne strobe light, achichinjana nekukurumidza pakati penguva dzekuvhenekesa nerima. Muchidimbu, ma laser e attosecond anoratidza hunhu hwe pulsating mukati mekuvhenekesa nerima, asi kuchinja kwavo pakati pemamiriro maviri aya kunoitika ne frequency inoshamisa, kusvika munzvimbo ye attoseconds.

Kupatsanurwa kwakawanda nemagetsi kunoisa ma laser mumabhureki ane simba shoma, simba repakati, uye simba guru. Ma laser eAttosecond anowana simba repamusoro-soro nekuda kwenguva pfupi kwazvo yekurova kwemoyo, zvichikonzera simba guru (P) - rinotsanangurwa sesimba resimba panguva imwe neimwe (P=W/t). Kunyangwe ma attosecond laser pulses ega ega angave asina simba rakakura (W), huwandu hwawo hwenguva pfupi (t) hunoapa simba repamusoro-soro.

Panyaya yemashandisirwo ema laser, ma laser anosanganisira mashandisirwo emaindasitiri, ekurapa, uye esainzi. Ma laser eAttosecond anonyanya kuwana nzvimbo yawo mukati mekutsvaga kwesainzi, kunyanya mukutsvaga zvinhu zvinoshanduka nekukurumidza munzvimbo dzefizikisi nekemistri, zvichipa mukana wekuona maitiro ekukurumidza ekuchinja kwenyika ye microcosmic.

Kupatsanurwa ne laser medium kunotsanangura ma laser se gas lasers, solid-state lasers, liquid lasers, uye semiconductor lasers. Kugadzirwa kwe attosecond lasers kunowanzo shandiswa pa gas laser media, zvichishandisa nonlinear optical effects kuti pave nema high-order harmonics.

Mukupfupisa, maattosecond lasers anoumba kirasi yakasiyana yema short-pulse lasers, anosiyaniswa nekureba kwenguva pfupi kwazvo, kazhinji anoyerwa mumaattoseconds. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ave maturusi akakosha ekuona nekudzora mashandiro emagetsi anomhanya-mhanya emaerekitironi mukati memaatomu, mamorekuru, uye zvinhu zvakasimba.

Maitiro Akanaka Ekugadzira Attosecond Laser

Tekinoroji yeAttosecond laser iri pamberi pekuvandudzwa kwesainzi, ichidada nemamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara anoshamisa ekugadzirwa kwayo. Kuti tinzwisise kuomarara kwekugadzirwa kweattosecond laser, tinotanga nekutsanangura kwakajeka kwenheyo dzayo, tichiteverwa nemadimikira akajeka anobva muzviitiko zvezuva nezuva. Vaverengi vasina ruzivo rwekuomarara kwefizikisi yakakodzera havafanirwe kuora mwoyo, sezvo madimikira anotevera achivavarira kuita kuti fizikisi yekutanga yeattosecond lasers iwanikwe.

Maitiro ekugadzira maattosecond lasers anonyanya kushandiswa pahunyanzvi hunozivikanwa seHigh Harmonic Generation (HHG). Chekutanga, mwenje we high-intensity femtosecond (10^-15 seconds) laser pulses unonangidzirwa zvakanyanya pane gaseous target material. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti femtosecond lasers, yakafanana neattosecond lasers, ine hunhu hwekuva ne short pulse durations uye high peak power. Pasi pesimba re intense laser field, maerekitironi ari mumaatomu egasi anosunungurwa kwenguva pfupi kubva mumaatomu awo, opinda kwenguva pfupi mumamiriro emaerekitironi akasununguka. Sezvo maerekitironi aya achitenderera achipindura ku laser field, anozopedzisira adzoka uye obatanidzwazve neatomic nuclei yawo, zvichigadzira mamiriro matsva ane simba guru.

Munguva iyi, maerekitironi anofamba nekukurumidza kwakanyanya, uye pakubatanidzwa pamwe chete neatomu nuclei, anoburitsa simba rakawedzerwa muchimiro che emissions yakakwira, zvichionekwa sema photons ane simba rakawanda.

Mafrequency eaya maphoton ane simba guru achangogadzirwa anenge ari manhamba ese efrequency yelaser yekutanga, zvichigadzira zvinonzi maharmonics emhando yepamusoro, apo "harmonics" zvinoreva mafrequency ari manhamba ese efrequency yekutanga. Kuti uwane maattosecond lasers, zvinova zvakakosha kusefa nekutarisa maharmonics aya emhando yepamusoro, kusarudza maharmonics chaiwo uye kuaisa panzvimbo yekutarisa. Kana uchida, matekiniki ekumanikidza pulse anogona kupfupisa nguva yekurova kwemoyo, zvichipa mapulses mapfupi kwazvo muattosecond range. Zviri pachena kuti kugadzirwa kwemaattosecond lasers kunoumba maitiro akaomarara uye ane mativi akawanda, achida hunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye michina yakasarudzika.

Kuti tijekese zvakajeka maitiro aya akaomarara, tinopa fananidzo yakafanana yakavakirwa pazviitiko zvezuva nezuva:

Mapundu eLaser eFemtosecond ane Simba Rakanyanya:

Fungidzira uine katapult ine simba zvikuru inokwanisa kukanda matombo ipapo ipapo nekumhanya kukuru, zvakafanana nebasa rinoitwa nemhepo ine simba repamusoro ye femtosecond laser pulses.

Zvinhu Zvinoshandiswa Pakunanga Negasi:

Fungidzira mvura yakadzikama inomiririra chinhu chinonangwa negasi, uko donhwe rega rega remvura rinomiririra maatomu akawanda egasi. Chiito chekukanda matombo mumvura iyi chinoratidzawo simba remhepo ine simba re femtosecond laser pulses pachinhu chinonangwa negasi.

Kufamba uye Kubatanidzwa kweElectron (Kushandurwa Kwemuviri):

Kana ma "femtosecond laser pulses" achikanganisa maatomu egasi ari mu "gaseous target material", maerekitironi akawanda ekunze anokurumidzirwa kwenguva pfupi kusvika padanho raanobuda kubva mu "atomic nuclei" dzawo, zvichiita "plasma-like state". Sezvo simba re "system" richiderera (sezvo "laser pulses" dzichi "pulsed", dzine "intervals of stop"), aya maerekitironi ekunze anodzokera pedyo ne "atomic nuclei", achiburitsa ma "photons" ane simba rakawanda.

Kugadzirwa kweHarmonic Yakanyanya:

Fungidzira nguva imwe neimwe donhwe remvura rinodzokera pamusoro pedziva, rinogadzira mafungu, sezvakaita ma "harmonics" akakwira mu "attosecond lasers". Mafungu aya ane mafungu akakwira uye amplitudes kupfuura mafungu ekutanga anokonzerwa ne "primary femtosecond laser pulse". Munguva yeHHG process, "laser beam" ine simba, yakafanana nekukanda matombo nguva dzose, inovhenekera chinangwa chegasi, chakafanana nepamusoro pedziva. Iyi "intense laser field" inosundira maerekitironi mugasi, akafanana nemafungu, kure nemaatomu evabereki vawo uye yobva yaadhonza. Nguva imwe neimwe apo electron inodzokera kuatomu, inoburitsa "laser beam" itsva ine "frequency" yakakwira, yakafanana nemafungu akaomarara.

Kusefa uye Kutarisisa:

Kubatanidza magirazi ese aya matsva elaser kunoburitsa mavara akasiyana-siyana (ma frequency kana wavelengths), mamwe acho anoumba attosecond laser. Kuti uparadzanise saizi nema frequency chaiwo, unogona kushandisa filter yakasarudzika, senge kusarudza ma ripples aunoda, uye shandisa magirazi ekukudza kuti aendeswe kunzvimbo yakatarwa.

Kudzvanywa kwePulse (kana zvichidikanwa):

Kana uchida kuti ma ripples afambe nekukurumidza uye kwenguva pfupi, unogona kukurumidza kupararira kwawo uchishandisa mudziyo wakasarudzika, uchideredza nguva inopedzwa ne ripple yega yega. Kugadzirwa kwe attosecond lasers kunosanganisira kushanda kwakaoma kwemaitiro. Zvisinei, kana ikapatsanurwa uye ikaonekwa, inova nyore kunzwisisa.